Delta is a blockchain platform built to address fundamental limitations in today’s decentralized ecosystem, offering solutions to key challenges such as scalability, interoperability, and developer autonomy. By establishing a permissionless, interoperable network of networks, Delta allows independent networks, or “domains,” to operate autonomously while still maintaining seamless interconnectivity through a shared, decentralized, and censorship-resistant base layer. The platform’s core innovation is its ability to eliminate the traditional trade-off between sovereignty and interoperability, which often requires complex solutions to ensure that different blockchains can communicate and transact with one another.
In traditional blockchain models, developers face significant hurdles when they attempt to balance control and flexibility. They can either build within the confines of a single, monolithic blockchain, which limits their ability to tailor the network for specific use cases, or they can build an independent chain but must then handle the complexities of creating cross-chain bridges and bootstrapping their own ecosystem from the ground up. Delta offers an alternative by giving developers the flexibility to operate independent domains with full control over execution, while the platform handles settlement and data availability at the base layer.
A key feature of Delta's architecture is its separation of execution and settlement processes. Execution and transaction ordering take place on individual domains, while data availability and settlement are managed by validators at the base layer. This modular approach not only increases flexibility and control for developers but also ensures that users benefit from the security and censorship resistance of the underlying blockchain without compromising their ability to interact across domains. Delta further incorporates zero-knowledge proof (zk-proof) technology for transaction validation and state transitions, ensuring a highly secure and efficient system.
Delta’s vision is to create a blockchain ecosystem that offers developers the control and autonomy they need, while also enabling easy, secure, and scalable cross-domain interactions for users. It aims to provide a solution to some of the key pain points in today’s blockchain landscape, such as fragmented liquidity, limited scalability, and complex interoperability. The platform seeks to reimagine what blockchain networks could look like if designed with today’s understanding of both developer needs and user experience.
Core Features and Architecture of Delta
- Network of Networks
Delta is composed of independent execution environments, known as domains, linked via a decentralized base layer. Each domain operates independently, managing its blockspace, rules, and execution while maintaining state sharing and global connectivity. Domains can be customized for specific applications or be generalized compute platforms, and they support any virtual machine (VM) or custom logic. - Separation of Execution and Settlement
Delta divides execution and ordering (handled by domains) from data availability and settlement (managed by validators on the base layer). This separation allows developers to maintain control over their domains while benefiting from the scalability and flexibility provided by the shared global state. - zk-Settlement and Security
Delta uses zk-settlement, where domains settle transactions to the base layer using zk-proofs. This mechanism, directly integrated into the base layer, enables secure and seamless global interoperability between domains. Unlike rollups, this approach removes the need for complex coordination and bridges, allowing for secure interactions between domains. - Leaderless, Orderless Consensus
Delta's consensus mechanism does not rely on total ordering of transactions. Instead, it uses a Byzantine Reliable Broadcast (BRB) protocol within domains to reduce communication overhead. This leaderless approach allows Delta to scale efficiently by adding more machines without the need for traditional block production and global consensus.
How Delta Adresses Key Blockchain Challenges
Distribution and Liquidity
Traditional appchains or rollups require developers to independently manage user acquisition and liquidity, which is resource-intensive. Delta's shared ecosystem allows assets and users to be globally accessible across domains. Once users are onboarded to Delta, they can seamlessly access any domain, eliminating the need for each domain to build its own liquidity pools.
Interoperability Without Intermediaries
Appchains and rollups often rely on third-party infrastructure to enable interoperability, adding friction to user experience. Delta's global state-sharing model removes the need for intermediaries, enabling frictionless asset transfers between domains. This reduces costs and simplifies user interaction by providing instant, bridge-free transfers.
Barrier to Entry for Developers
Building and maintaining appchains or rollups typically requires significant technical and financial resources. Delta simplifies this by offering lightweight domains that don’t require full execution path proofs or long withdrawal periods related to fraud proofs. Additionally, domains on Delta don't need to bootstrap their own validator sets, lowering the operational burden and making it easier for a wider range of developers to launch projects.
Key Components of Delta's Design
Domains and Vaults
Each user on Delta has a vault in each domain they interact with. These vaults store assets that can be transferred seamlessly across domains. Users can spend assets within their own domain and receive assets from any other domain, ensuring smooth interoperability without multiple asset implementations. Delta also allows forced migration of funds between domains if there is downtime or censorship, protecting user assets.
Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs)
Delta’s state model is based on CRDTs, which allow efficient and consistent state updates without requiring global consensus. This enhances the network’s scalability and robustness by minimizing the overhead typically associated with blockchain consensus mechanisms.
Asset and Account Management
Delta uses a unified asset system across all domains, ensuring that once an asset is deployed, it is accessible by any domain. Users can log into applications using Delta keypairs, with their assets securely stored in vaults. Users can also choose to store assets privately by keeping only the Merkle root in the Delta state, ensuring both privacy and interoperability.
Scaling and Horizontal Growth
Delta’s architecture allows for linear scaling by adding more machines, eliminating the need for total ordering and global consensus that can limit throughput in traditional blockchains. This scalability supports a variety of use cases, from decentralized applications to enterprise solutions, without bottlenecks or performance issues.
Delta also supports permissioned services, making it possible for enterprises, gaming companies, and governments to build on the platform while ensuring users retain self-custody and permissionless exit. This flexibility is not available in many existing blockchain models, creating new possibilities for blockchain applications.
Funding and Vision
Delta has secured $11 million in pre-seed and seed funding to support its development. This investment, led by firms such as Figment Capital, Maven 11, Variant, and DBA, reflects confidence in Delta's vision of creating a blockchain platform that balances local control with global connectivity. The funding will be used to build Delta’s infrastructure and drive its development forward.
Conclusion
Delta presents a novel solution to many of the long-standing issues within the blockchain space, specifically addressing problems related to interoperability, user sovereignty, scalability, and developer accessibility. By introducing a network of independent but interconnected domains, Delta enables developers to retain full control over their execution environments while benefiting from the security, state-sharing, and transaction finality provided by the base layer. This unique blend of autonomy and shared infrastructure allows for a high degree of flexibility without the downsides typically associated with isolated appchains or general-purpose blockchains.
One of Delta’s most significant contributions to blockchain architecture is its use of zk-settlement directly integrated into the base layer. This ensures that domains can interact atomically and securely without requiring complex bridge mechanisms or global coordination, thereby facilitating smooth and trustless transactions between domains. By adopting a leaderless and orderless consensus model, Delta also eliminates many of the scalability bottlenecks found in traditional blockchain systems. The ability to scale horizontally, simply by adding more machines, sets Delta apart, allowing it to handle increased demand without requiring significant changes to its underlying architecture.
Delta’s approach is particularly well-suited for the diverse range of use cases emerging in the blockchain space, from DeFi to gaming and enterprise applications. Its modular design supports both permissionless and permissioned domains, which opens up new possibilities for enterprises and institutions that require more control over certain aspects of their operations, while still ensuring user rights to self-custody and exit. This flexibility offers significant advantages for businesses that may want to utilize blockchain technology but have previously been deterred by the constraints of existing platforms.
Furthermore, Delta’s focus on reducing the barrier to entry for developers is another critical advantage. The platform simplifies the process of launching new domains, removing the need for extensive infrastructure like validator sets or complex interoperability solutions. This makes it an attractive option for both established blockchain developers and new entrants looking to build customized solutions on a robust, scalable, and secure network.
The platform’s $11 million in funding from prominent investors highlights the confidence in Delta’s vision and its potential to reshape the blockchain landscape. With this financial backing, Delta is well-positioned to continue building and refining its infrastructure, driving adoption, and ultimately creating a more interconnected and efficient blockchain ecosystem.
In conclusion, Delta’s combination of modular architecture, zk-settlement, and leaderless consensus offers a fresh and practical solution to many of the scalability, interoperability, and sovereignty challenges facing blockchain developers today. By enabling both localized control and global connectivity, Delta could play a significant role in shaping the future of decentralized technology, offering the best of both worlds for developers and users alike.
Disclaimer: This research report is exactly that — a research report. It is not intended to serve as financial advice, nor should you blindly assume that any of the information is accurate without confirming through your own research. Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies, and other digital assets are incredibly risky and nothing in this report should be considered an endorsement to buy or sell any asset. Never invest more than you are willing to lose and understand the risk that you are taking. Do your own research. All information in this report is for educational purposes only and should not be the basis for any investment decisions that you make.
Delta is a blockchain platform built to address fundamental limitations in today’s decentralized ecosystem, offering solutions to key challenges such as scalability, interoperability, and developer autonomy. By establishing a permissionless, interoperable network of networks, Delta allows independent networks, or “domains,” to operate autonomously while still maintaining seamless interconnectivity through a shared, decentralized, and censorship-resistant base layer. The platform’s core innovation is its ability to eliminate the traditional trade-off between sovereignty and interoperability, which often requires complex solutions to ensure that different blockchains can communicate and transact with one another.
In traditional blockchain models, developers face significant hurdles when they attempt to balance control and flexibility. They can either build within the confines of a single, monolithic blockchain, which limits their ability to tailor the network for specific use cases, or they can build an independent chain but must then handle the complexities of creating cross-chain bridges and bootstrapping their own ecosystem from the ground up. Delta offers an alternative by giving developers the flexibility to operate independent domains with full control over execution, while the platform handles settlement and data availability at the base layer.
A key feature of Delta's architecture is its separation of execution and settlement processes. Execution and transaction ordering take place on individual domains, while data availability and settlement are managed by validators at the base layer. This modular approach not only increases flexibility and control for developers but also ensures that users benefit from the security and censorship resistance of the underlying blockchain without compromising their ability to interact across domains. Delta further incorporates zero-knowledge proof (zk-proof) technology for transaction validation and state transitions, ensuring a highly secure and efficient system.
Delta’s vision is to create a blockchain ecosystem that offers developers the control and autonomy they need, while also enabling easy, secure, and scalable cross-domain interactions for users. It aims to provide a solution to some of the key pain points in today’s blockchain landscape, such as fragmented liquidity, limited scalability, and complex interoperability. The platform seeks to reimagine what blockchain networks could look like if designed with today’s understanding of both developer needs and user experience.
Core Features and Architecture of Delta
- Network of Networks
Delta is composed of independent execution environments, known as domains, linked via a decentralized base layer. Each domain operates independently, managing its blockspace, rules, and execution while maintaining state sharing and global connectivity. Domains can be customized for specific applications or be generalized compute platforms, and they support any virtual machine (VM) or custom logic. - Separation of Execution and Settlement
Delta divides execution and ordering (handled by domains) from data availability and settlement (managed by validators on the base layer). This separation allows developers to maintain control over their domains while benefiting from the scalability and flexibility provided by the shared global state. - zk-Settlement and Security
Delta uses zk-settlement, where domains settle transactions to the base layer using zk-proofs. This mechanism, directly integrated into the base layer, enables secure and seamless global interoperability between domains. Unlike rollups, this approach removes the need for complex coordination and bridges, allowing for secure interactions between domains. - Leaderless, Orderless Consensus
Delta's consensus mechanism does not rely on total ordering of transactions. Instead, it uses a Byzantine Reliable Broadcast (BRB) protocol within domains to reduce communication overhead. This leaderless approach allows Delta to scale efficiently by adding more machines without the need for traditional block production and global consensus.
How Delta Adresses Key Blockchain Challenges
Distribution and Liquidity
Traditional appchains or rollups require developers to independently manage user acquisition and liquidity, which is resource-intensive. Delta's shared ecosystem allows assets and users to be globally accessible across domains. Once users are onboarded to Delta, they can seamlessly access any domain, eliminating the need for each domain to build its own liquidity pools.
Interoperability Without Intermediaries
Appchains and rollups often rely on third-party infrastructure to enable interoperability, adding friction to user experience. Delta's global state-sharing model removes the need for intermediaries, enabling frictionless asset transfers between domains. This reduces costs and simplifies user interaction by providing instant, bridge-free transfers.
Barrier to Entry for Developers
Building and maintaining appchains or rollups typically requires significant technical and financial resources. Delta simplifies this by offering lightweight domains that don’t require full execution path proofs or long withdrawal periods related to fraud proofs. Additionally, domains on Delta don't need to bootstrap their own validator sets, lowering the operational burden and making it easier for a wider range of developers to launch projects.
Key Components of Delta's Design
Domains and Vaults
Each user on Delta has a vault in each domain they interact with. These vaults store assets that can be transferred seamlessly across domains. Users can spend assets within their own domain and receive assets from any other domain, ensuring smooth interoperability without multiple asset implementations. Delta also allows forced migration of funds between domains if there is downtime or censorship, protecting user assets.
Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs)
Delta’s state model is based on CRDTs, which allow efficient and consistent state updates without requiring global consensus. This enhances the network’s scalability and robustness by minimizing the overhead typically associated with blockchain consensus mechanisms.
Asset and Account Management
Delta uses a unified asset system across all domains, ensuring that once an asset is deployed, it is accessible by any domain. Users can log into applications using Delta keypairs, with their assets securely stored in vaults. Users can also choose to store assets privately by keeping only the Merkle root in the Delta state, ensuring both privacy and interoperability.
Scaling and Horizontal Growth
Delta’s architecture allows for linear scaling by adding more machines, eliminating the need for total ordering and global consensus that can limit throughput in traditional blockchains. This scalability supports a variety of use cases, from decentralized applications to enterprise solutions, without bottlenecks or performance issues.
Delta also supports permissioned services, making it possible for enterprises, gaming companies, and governments to build on the platform while ensuring users retain self-custody and permissionless exit. This flexibility is not available in many existing blockchain models, creating new possibilities for blockchain applications.
Funding and Vision
Delta has secured $11 million in pre-seed and seed funding to support its development. This investment, led by firms such as Figment Capital, Maven 11, Variant, and DBA, reflects confidence in Delta's vision of creating a blockchain platform that balances local control with global connectivity. The funding will be used to build Delta’s infrastructure and drive its development forward.
Conclusion
Delta presents a novel solution to many of the long-standing issues within the blockchain space, specifically addressing problems related to interoperability, user sovereignty, scalability, and developer accessibility. By introducing a network of independent but interconnected domains, Delta enables developers to retain full control over their execution environments while benefiting from the security, state-sharing, and transaction finality provided by the base layer. This unique blend of autonomy and shared infrastructure allows for a high degree of flexibility without the downsides typically associated with isolated appchains or general-purpose blockchains.
One of Delta’s most significant contributions to blockchain architecture is its use of zk-settlement directly integrated into the base layer. This ensures that domains can interact atomically and securely without requiring complex bridge mechanisms or global coordination, thereby facilitating smooth and trustless transactions between domains. By adopting a leaderless and orderless consensus model, Delta also eliminates many of the scalability bottlenecks found in traditional blockchain systems. The ability to scale horizontally, simply by adding more machines, sets Delta apart, allowing it to handle increased demand without requiring significant changes to its underlying architecture.
Delta’s approach is particularly well-suited for the diverse range of use cases emerging in the blockchain space, from DeFi to gaming and enterprise applications. Its modular design supports both permissionless and permissioned domains, which opens up new possibilities for enterprises and institutions that require more control over certain aspects of their operations, while still ensuring user rights to self-custody and exit. This flexibility offers significant advantages for businesses that may want to utilize blockchain technology but have previously been deterred by the constraints of existing platforms.
Furthermore, Delta’s focus on reducing the barrier to entry for developers is another critical advantage. The platform simplifies the process of launching new domains, removing the need for extensive infrastructure like validator sets or complex interoperability solutions. This makes it an attractive option for both established blockchain developers and new entrants looking to build customized solutions on a robust, scalable, and secure network.
The platform’s $11 million in funding from prominent investors highlights the confidence in Delta’s vision and its potential to reshape the blockchain landscape. With this financial backing, Delta is well-positioned to continue building and refining its infrastructure, driving adoption, and ultimately creating a more interconnected and efficient blockchain ecosystem.
In conclusion, Delta’s combination of modular architecture, zk-settlement, and leaderless consensus offers a fresh and practical solution to many of the scalability, interoperability, and sovereignty challenges facing blockchain developers today. By enabling both localized control and global connectivity, Delta could play a significant role in shaping the future of decentralized technology, offering the best of both worlds for developers and users alike.
Disclaimer: This research report is exactly that — a research report. It is not intended to serve as financial advice, nor should you blindly assume that any of the information is accurate without confirming through your own research. Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies, and other digital assets are incredibly risky and nothing in this report should be considered an endorsement to buy or sell any asset. Never invest more than you are willing to lose and understand the risk that you are taking. Do your own research. All information in this report is for educational purposes only and should not be the basis for any investment decisions that you make.
Delta is a blockchain platform built to address fundamental limitations in today’s decentralized ecosystem, offering solutions to key challenges such as scalability, interoperability, and developer autonomy. By establishing a permissionless, interoperable network of networks, Delta allows independent networks, or “domains,” to operate autonomously while still maintaining seamless interconnectivity through a shared, decentralized, and censorship-resistant base layer. The platform’s core innovation is its ability to eliminate the traditional trade-off between sovereignty and interoperability, which often requires complex solutions to ensure that different blockchains can communicate and transact with one another.
In traditional blockchain models, developers face significant hurdles when they attempt to balance control and flexibility. They can either build within the confines of a single, monolithic blockchain, which limits their ability to tailor the network for specific use cases, or they can build an independent chain but must then handle the complexities of creating cross-chain bridges and bootstrapping their own ecosystem from the ground up. Delta offers an alternative by giving developers the flexibility to operate independent domains with full control over execution, while the platform handles settlement and data availability at the base layer.
A key feature of Delta's architecture is its separation of execution and settlement processes. Execution and transaction ordering take place on individual domains, while data availability and settlement are managed by validators at the base layer. This modular approach not only increases flexibility and control for developers but also ensures that users benefit from the security and censorship resistance of the underlying blockchain without compromising their ability to interact across domains. Delta further incorporates zero-knowledge proof (zk-proof) technology for transaction validation and state transitions, ensuring a highly secure and efficient system.
Delta’s vision is to create a blockchain ecosystem that offers developers the control and autonomy they need, while also enabling easy, secure, and scalable cross-domain interactions for users. It aims to provide a solution to some of the key pain points in today’s blockchain landscape, such as fragmented liquidity, limited scalability, and complex interoperability. The platform seeks to reimagine what blockchain networks could look like if designed with today’s understanding of both developer needs and user experience.
Core Features and Architecture of Delta
- Network of Networks
Delta is composed of independent execution environments, known as domains, linked via a decentralized base layer. Each domain operates independently, managing its blockspace, rules, and execution while maintaining state sharing and global connectivity. Domains can be customized for specific applications or be generalized compute platforms, and they support any virtual machine (VM) or custom logic. - Separation of Execution and Settlement
Delta divides execution and ordering (handled by domains) from data availability and settlement (managed by validators on the base layer). This separation allows developers to maintain control over their domains while benefiting from the scalability and flexibility provided by the shared global state. - zk-Settlement and Security
Delta uses zk-settlement, where domains settle transactions to the base layer using zk-proofs. This mechanism, directly integrated into the base layer, enables secure and seamless global interoperability between domains. Unlike rollups, this approach removes the need for complex coordination and bridges, allowing for secure interactions between domains. - Leaderless, Orderless Consensus
Delta's consensus mechanism does not rely on total ordering of transactions. Instead, it uses a Byzantine Reliable Broadcast (BRB) protocol within domains to reduce communication overhead. This leaderless approach allows Delta to scale efficiently by adding more machines without the need for traditional block production and global consensus.
How Delta Adresses Key Blockchain Challenges
Distribution and Liquidity
Traditional appchains or rollups require developers to independently manage user acquisition and liquidity, which is resource-intensive. Delta's shared ecosystem allows assets and users to be globally accessible across domains. Once users are onboarded to Delta, they can seamlessly access any domain, eliminating the need for each domain to build its own liquidity pools.
Interoperability Without Intermediaries
Appchains and rollups often rely on third-party infrastructure to enable interoperability, adding friction to user experience. Delta's global state-sharing model removes the need for intermediaries, enabling frictionless asset transfers between domains. This reduces costs and simplifies user interaction by providing instant, bridge-free transfers.
Barrier to Entry for Developers
Building and maintaining appchains or rollups typically requires significant technical and financial resources. Delta simplifies this by offering lightweight domains that don’t require full execution path proofs or long withdrawal periods related to fraud proofs. Additionally, domains on Delta don't need to bootstrap their own validator sets, lowering the operational burden and making it easier for a wider range of developers to launch projects.
Key Components of Delta's Design
Domains and Vaults
Each user on Delta has a vault in each domain they interact with. These vaults store assets that can be transferred seamlessly across domains. Users can spend assets within their own domain and receive assets from any other domain, ensuring smooth interoperability without multiple asset implementations. Delta also allows forced migration of funds between domains if there is downtime or censorship, protecting user assets.
Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs)
Delta’s state model is based on CRDTs, which allow efficient and consistent state updates without requiring global consensus. This enhances the network’s scalability and robustness by minimizing the overhead typically associated with blockchain consensus mechanisms.
Asset and Account Management
Delta uses a unified asset system across all domains, ensuring that once an asset is deployed, it is accessible by any domain. Users can log into applications using Delta keypairs, with their assets securely stored in vaults. Users can also choose to store assets privately by keeping only the Merkle root in the Delta state, ensuring both privacy and interoperability.
Scaling and Horizontal Growth
Delta’s architecture allows for linear scaling by adding more machines, eliminating the need for total ordering and global consensus that can limit throughput in traditional blockchains. This scalability supports a variety of use cases, from decentralized applications to enterprise solutions, without bottlenecks or performance issues.
Delta also supports permissioned services, making it possible for enterprises, gaming companies, and governments to build on the platform while ensuring users retain self-custody and permissionless exit. This flexibility is not available in many existing blockchain models, creating new possibilities for blockchain applications.
Funding and Vision
Delta has secured $11 million in pre-seed and seed funding to support its development. This investment, led by firms such as Figment Capital, Maven 11, Variant, and DBA, reflects confidence in Delta's vision of creating a blockchain platform that balances local control with global connectivity. The funding will be used to build Delta’s infrastructure and drive its development forward.
Conclusion
Delta presents a novel solution to many of the long-standing issues within the blockchain space, specifically addressing problems related to interoperability, user sovereignty, scalability, and developer accessibility. By introducing a network of independent but interconnected domains, Delta enables developers to retain full control over their execution environments while benefiting from the security, state-sharing, and transaction finality provided by the base layer. This unique blend of autonomy and shared infrastructure allows for a high degree of flexibility without the downsides typically associated with isolated appchains or general-purpose blockchains.
One of Delta’s most significant contributions to blockchain architecture is its use of zk-settlement directly integrated into the base layer. This ensures that domains can interact atomically and securely without requiring complex bridge mechanisms or global coordination, thereby facilitating smooth and trustless transactions between domains. By adopting a leaderless and orderless consensus model, Delta also eliminates many of the scalability bottlenecks found in traditional blockchain systems. The ability to scale horizontally, simply by adding more machines, sets Delta apart, allowing it to handle increased demand without requiring significant changes to its underlying architecture.
Delta’s approach is particularly well-suited for the diverse range of use cases emerging in the blockchain space, from DeFi to gaming and enterprise applications. Its modular design supports both permissionless and permissioned domains, which opens up new possibilities for enterprises and institutions that require more control over certain aspects of their operations, while still ensuring user rights to self-custody and exit. This flexibility offers significant advantages for businesses that may want to utilize blockchain technology but have previously been deterred by the constraints of existing platforms.
Furthermore, Delta’s focus on reducing the barrier to entry for developers is another critical advantage. The platform simplifies the process of launching new domains, removing the need for extensive infrastructure like validator sets or complex interoperability solutions. This makes it an attractive option for both established blockchain developers and new entrants looking to build customized solutions on a robust, scalable, and secure network.
The platform’s $11 million in funding from prominent investors highlights the confidence in Delta’s vision and its potential to reshape the blockchain landscape. With this financial backing, Delta is well-positioned to continue building and refining its infrastructure, driving adoption, and ultimately creating a more interconnected and efficient blockchain ecosystem.
In conclusion, Delta’s combination of modular architecture, zk-settlement, and leaderless consensus offers a fresh and practical solution to many of the scalability, interoperability, and sovereignty challenges facing blockchain developers today. By enabling both localized control and global connectivity, Delta could play a significant role in shaping the future of decentralized technology, offering the best of both worlds for developers and users alike.
Disclaimer: This research report is exactly that — a research report. It is not intended to serve as financial advice, nor should you blindly assume that any of the information is accurate without confirming through your own research. Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies, and other digital assets are incredibly risky and nothing in this report should be considered an endorsement to buy or sell any asset. Never invest more than you are willing to lose and understand the risk that you are taking. Do your own research. All information in this report is for educational purposes only and should not be the basis for any investment decisions that you make.
